Increasing Incidence Of Hypertension And Related...

Increasing incidence of hypertension and related cardiovascular disease, prompted the National Institute of health (NIH) to propose funding to determine the impact dietary patterns have on blood pressure in the (US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2015). Working with five established medical research centers in different US cities, the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) feeding trial was developed to investigate the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure (Appel et al., 1997). The original study began in 1993, and completed in 1997. The study was novel in that it included a team comprised of nutritionists, nurses, doctors, and the research coordinators. The DASH diet was created to provide high levels of nutrients previously identified to help reduce blood pressure that had proven ineffective at reducing blood pressure in supplement form or individually (Appel et al., 1997). The DASH trial, was unique in that it was constructed to test dietary patterns and their effect on blood pressure, rather than looking at individual nutrients (Appel et al., 1997). The study compared a control diet to two experimental diets: †¢ Control diet – A diet based on the typical American diet, high in meats and processed foods, limited fruits and vegetables, providing low levels of fiber, potassium, magnesium and calcium, and high levels of fat and protein. †¢ Fruits and vegetables diet – A diet higher in fruit and vegetables, otherwise similar to the typicalShow MoreRelatedDiabetes And Coronary Heart Disease1228 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes is a disease from which numerous other health complications can arise. In their article, â€Å"Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease: A Risk Factor for the Global Epidemic,† Chilha, Njeim, Chedrawy (2012) state that diabetes can lead to a plethora of various other illnesses. These diseases not only affect the United States as a whole, but developing countries as well (Chilha et al., 2012, pp. 697,240). Developing countries have had increasing cases of diabetes that have led to a number of otherRead MoreInfluence Of Bmi On Cardiac Output And Peripheral Blood Flow1118 Words   |  5 PagesIN YOUNG ADULT MALES INTRODUCTION: According to WHO, obesity is increasing alarmingly worldwide including India. Obesity is rising as an epidemic globally and according to WHO, one in six people on Earth (approximately one billion) are overweight and, alarmingly, more than 300 million of them are obese. This might be due to more sedentary life style excessive intake of energy rich diet is associated with various chronic diseases thus posing a major public problem. [1][2] High and middle incomeRead MoreStroke Education : A Preventable Death909 Words   |  4 Pagesbreast cancer in American women? Stroke is one of the most serious diseases, leading to deaths and severe morbidities around the world. The causes of stroke are closely related to lifestyle and are keys to reduce the incidence of this disease that causes abrupt deaths or worsens the quality of life. Jahan (2012) reminds the risk factors that increase the chances to have a stroke, the signs and symptoms, the treatment for this disease and how to prevent stroke. Certainly, the major risk factors mentionedRead MoreCardiovascular Disease Essay example1806 Words   |  8 PagesCardiovascular Disease in the African American Community Causes, Preventions, and Treatments Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to the dysfunctional conditions of the heart, arteries, and veins that supply oxygen to vital life- sustaining areas of the body like the brain, the heart itself and other vital organs. Since the term cardiovascular disease refers to any dysfunction of the cardiovascular system there are many different diseases in the cardiovascular category, and many of these diseasesRead MoreCardiovascular Disease And The Heart Disease Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesCardiovascular diseases are diseases which involve the heart or blood vessels, they are in fact the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Cardiovascular diseases include coronary artery disease, or ischaemic heart disease (heart attack), cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and diseases of the aorta and arteries including hypertension and peripheral vascular disease (Mendis, Puska, Norrving, 2011). They are all due to a disease known as atherosclerosis which affects arteries (GeorgeRead MoreThe Proband s Maternal Aunts Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesalso shown that patients with type 2 diabetes that have the HLA-DR4 allele associated with type 1 diabetes have a lower rate of cardiovascular mortality than those with DR4− allele (Tuomi, 2005). To date, none of the proband’s maternal family members with T2D, that are the offspring of her grandmother with T1D, have been diagnosed with any renal or cardiovascular disease. Patients with a family history with a mixture of T1D and T2D have some common genetic predispositions of both diabetic types (TuomiRead MoreInfertility : Polycystic Ovary Syndrome1113 Words   |  5 Pagescommon cause of anovulatory infertility (11), associated with an increased risk of miscarriage after either spontaneous or assisted conception (1) and the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in assisted conception (12). A higher incidence of first trimester spontaneous abortions (25–73%) has been reported in women with polycystic ovaries or PCOS (13). Abnormalities in LH secretion were found in 81% of women with recurrent fetal loss, and higher androgen levels were observed in womenRead MoreThe Role Of Leptin And Its Effects On The Reproductive System Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the adipose tissue, serum levels of which are influenced by obesity, insulin resistance and the levels of sex steroids (androgens and estrogens) and insulin. It is mainl y involved in the regulation of body weight by decreasing appetite and increasing energy expenditure. Besides regulating the energy metabolism of the body, leptin has important actions on the reproductive system, which makes it an important link between the adipose tissue and hypothalamus– pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis (2). Long-termRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension1599 Words   |  7 Pages Psychosomatic disease affects both mind and body; hypertension certainly applies to this due to its effect on both the mind and the body alike. Hypertension occurs when an individual has abnormally and excessively high blood pressure, in which stress is highly related to. High blood pressure can be perilous because it makes the heart work even harder in order to pump blood into your body, which ultimately leads to heart failure or other illnesses such as kidney disease and strokes. ApproximatelyRead MoreNutrition Case Study1159 Words   |  5 Pages Parenteral a dministration of the Mg supplement is contraindicated in patients with heart block or myocardial damage (66). Role in cardiovascular disease Mg is associated with a number of conditions and chronic diseases. It can prevent inflammatory and oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular reactivity, increased vascular tone, hypertension, CVD, stroke, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity (63) (Figure 2). Thus the consumption of magnesium-rich foods is

African Americans Of The Modern World And The Discovery Of...

Throughout the creation of mankind and the discovery of North America, society constructed a term that classified human beings into categories. This term is used to identify people based on their physical characteristics, ancestry, or historical background. The term is race. Often, it is used in a negative connotation because of the belief that there is a superior race. However, settlers like John Smith who sought to prosper decided since they had the most power and were the â€Å"chosen ones†, they should be the leaders of the modern world and spread their beliefs among those who were unworthy and not fit to be self-governed. Thus, as they instituted themselves as the superior race, people of color were coined as minorities. Those seen as a minority at first were African Americans. African Americans have struggled throughout history to obtain equality against racism occasionally resorting to protests and strikes in order to achieve their goal. This struggle has turned into a war between races. Between 1877 and 2015, African Americans fought for representation in the workforce, integration, and a safe environment. Coming of Age in Mississippi, For the Record: A Documentary History of America, and America: A Narrative History, are all books containing primary sources that will help illustrate the struggles fought by many. The institution of Black Codes in 1865, brought severe consequences for blacks, these laws restored slavery in all but name (Shi, For the Record: A DocumentaryShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans and Cotton Fields1233 Words   |  5 Pageswe perceive it to be African Americans working on a cotton field, but where did that perception come from and where did slavery begin in North America? Slavery has been one of the longest standing legal systems used throughout history. History shows that the first settlers in North America, both the Vikings and Native Americans, were the first cultures to practice slavery in the area. Slavery continued through early modern history, aiding in the discovery of North America by the Spaniards and BritishRead MoreNative American And African Slaves1731 Words   |  7 PagesAs the Native American population had been decimated by genocide and war, England looked to African slaves to provide them with the necessary labor to harvest tobacco. Although African slaves had the same status as that of an indentured servant, African slaves began to become more and more restricted, losing all human and civil rights. These restrictions were placed on African slaves to protect the rights of the indentured Englishmen, and developed a social/political system based of segregation andRead MoreEffects Of European Exploration On Europe, Africa, And The Americas1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of European Exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas Whenever you hear about the European Exploration, or ‘The Age of Discovery’’ you hear a lot about what the Europeans gained from it, while they did learn a lot from this and gather a lot of new resources they were not the only ones affected. The Age of Discovery affected more areas that just Europe, it also affected the Americas and Africa. To prove this we must first know what European Exploration is. From the 15th century toRead MoreThe American Civil War And The Civil Rights Movement901 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst twelve presidents of the United States were slave owners (Piersen 1996: 24). However, the controversy over slavery was a hotly debated topic in American society, leading eventually to the American Civil War (1861-1865), which finally brought slavery to an end. After the emancipation, overcoming slavery s legacy remained a crucial issue in American history, from Reconstruction following the war to the Civil Rights Movement a century later. The practice of slavery dates to prehistoricRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pageswith the discovery of the New World, the English experienced a shortage of laborers to work the lands they claimed. The English tried to enslave the natives, but they resisted and were usually successful in escaping. Furthermore, with the decline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans becameRead MoreThe Claim Justified Evolution Of The Transatlantic Slave Trade1518 Words   |  7 Pagesconquest, also known as manifest destiny. This Christian religious affiliation had a large impact in the use of slaves, as well as the formulation of laws favoring the wellbeing of Christian slaves. Not only did the use of slaves boost exp loration and discovery, it also boomed Europe’s economy. This economical boost contributed to the overwhelming impact of present day capitalism and exploitation. Of course, as time went on and countries began to solidify in early European times, they were beginning toRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade1392 Words   |  6 PagesTrade was a system of slavery that took place between the 16th and 19th centuries. It comprised of capturing African tribesmen and women from areas of Western and Central Africa and placing them into the colonies of the New World in North, Central, and South America. Many countries like England, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and France, had participated in enslaving the African peoples. The African slaves were used to exploit an array of commodities such coffee, cotton, rum, sugar, and tobacco, and eventuallyRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On The United States Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pageschange has occurred in the study of slavery and its impact on the s ettling of the â€Å"New World.† From a footnote in American history of little consequence until the cotton fields of the antebellum South, it has evolved into a study that now sees the institution as the most significant element in the colonization and exploitation of this hemisphere by Europeans. It also acknowledges the participation of Africans and the Amerindians in this process and furthermore sees it as essential to its occurrenceRead MoreIndians And The Columbian Exchange1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the old world and the new world. The old world is considered Europe, Asia and Africa and the new world is considered America. Their colonies started to trade with each other and that’s when they formed the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. The exchange of the new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Natives gave and received many items. Even though Europe ans and American Indians saw someRead MoreChristopher Columbus and His Legacy: Positive vs. Negative Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesUpon completion of first grade, it is likely that children in America will have learned about the famous maritime explorer and navigator, Christopher Columbus. Born in 1451, Columbus was a Genoese captain commissioned by the king and queen of Spain to find a route to the Indies. However, he sailed the opposite direction of his intended goal by crossing the Atlantic and landing in the Americas, resulting in the discovery of the New World for Spain. Like all major figures in history, Columbus has left

History of McDonald’s Free Essays

McDonald’s with about 30.000 restaurants in 121 countries; was founded in 1948 at San Bernardino, USA. Its business goals are satisfied employees, more satisfied guests and a better economy. We will write a custom essay sample on History of McDonald’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now They consider employees as their main asset and accordingly, have undertaken human resource programs and practices called the â€Å"People Promise†.   Their success was due to quality, quick service, cleanliness and value for money. In 1997, McDonald’s divided its HR into three groups: the Service Center, HR Business Partners and the HR Design Center. The HR Design Center employs HR experts who develop, test and implement systems applicable to employees’ tools, which are at the forefront of research and which are designed to improve overall business results. The Measurement and Organizational Effectiveness group deals with employee commitment surveys in order to standardize relevant data, to study practices and approaches that affect turnover, productivity, customer satisfaction, sales and profitability. I-O psychologists have played a critical role in Leadership Assessment and Development, which deals with the executive succession planning process, senior management feedback and coaching and other senior leadership development programs. Implementing competency-based people systems, McDonald’s has realized intellectual capital by helping each person deliver business results. This is the People Promise initiative, which identifies metrics that relate to the success of this key strategy. In addition to conducting job analyses and test validation studies, I – O psychologists also construct and assess methodologies appropriate for capturing critical factors that measure overall business success. â€Å"I-O psychologists at McDonald’s are now, in a position to enact a key role in defining the landscape, identifying the key signposts and measuring how far an organization has gone to reach its overall goals† (Matt Barney, July 2001). McDonald’s attaches great importance to imparting knowledge about the benefits of a balanced diet and active lifestyle not only to its customers but also to its employees. Recently, Peter Beresford, CEO of the UK wing of McDonald’s, endeavor has been to improve communications. He has initiated a number of pioneering measures like ‘Ask Peter’, a direct e-mail, ‘Town Halls’, a monthly live online event where board members answer questions from staff, and the MDUK staff magazine. The employees have welcomed these changes whole heartedly (HR Challenges. 6th September 2005). Sources HR challenges †¦ I’m lovin’ it., 6th September 2005. Retrieved 19th April 2006, form http://www.personneltoday.com/Articles/2005/09/06/31465/HR+challenges+I’m+lovin’+it.htm Matt Barney, Macro, Meso, Micro: McDonald’s, Retrieved April 17, 2006 from http://siop.org/tip/backissues/tipjul01/17barney.htm    How to cite History of McDonald’s, Essay examples

IKEA Logistics and Operation Management

Question: Discuss about the IKEA Logistics and Operation Management. Answer: Introduction IKEA is the largest retailers furniture manufacturer with approximately 315 stores in 27 countries. The company has positioned itself as high-quality furniture providing products at affordable price. IKEA vision is to create a better life for many people. The mission is caring the social responsibility by ensuring the wellbeing of the society. The business idea of IKEA is to offer a range of functional, affordable and well-designed products at lower prices. Due to the proper inventory techniques, efficient operation management, and strategic supply chain, the company can offer 9500 products to the consumer. IKEA has managed to research on market condition in China and United States. In the United States, IKEA focuses on providing secure products, lower prices and operating under economies of the scale. Operation and Logistics play an important tactic in the attainment of the raw material, production, and consumption(Hill Hill, 2012). IKEA has managed to employ logistics and management to propel products patterns of dissembling its units and transport in a flat package. Correlation of the Directorate, suppliers, warehouse operation and store design assist in achieving corporate strategy and business model of logistics. Operation strategy of IKEA is to offer durable, quality and affordable product to their user. India with economic volatility, providing the self assembling product will enhance economies of scale and maintains high volumes of production(Czinkota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova, Marinov, 2009). IKEA design warehouse in a sense that there are showroom and marketplace. Thus, allowing assessment of large stock of the products in a day. In the case of defects, IKEA sells the products at significant discount. Logistic and management of IKEA communicates the policies issues relating to the environment. IKEA make customers time as part of the operation management through the physical distribution and designing facilities. Logical process and operation management Flow diagram: operation management (Chopra Meindl, 2016). Supplier: at this stage, focuses on the designing of the product at a lower cost. Distribution: There are two parts in the IKEA store. Open hall shows the quality, lower price, and function of the product. IKEA operation does not have shop attendant, thus reduces the operating cost. Additionally, after customer purchase the product, they cater the cost in term of the transport; reduce the operating cost further. In delivery process, factory transport product to the distribution stores globally(Mangan, Lalwani, Lalwani, 2016). In case a customer purchase the product, the data will be sent to the respective distribution Centre and then to a common area for interpretation. There is scanning of the merchandise and then store information to the database. Software inventory services allow checking how consumers gets product at convenient time. In the transit delivery process, products are produced by two different factories (Chopra Meindl, 2016). Therefore, products are taken to one distribution center where assembling takes place, and storage. IKEA uses the customers influence, intangible, heterogeneity and labor intensity as the core aspects of the operation management. Conclusion Apparently, process and logistics management forms the integral parts in the activities of IKEA. Therefore, with the market share, profitability and customer integration idea can take advantages of the capabilities and supply chain to enhance company performance. References Chopra, S., Meindl, P. (2016). Supply chain management: Strategy, planning, and operation. Boston: Pearson. Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M., Marinova, S., Marinov, M. (2009). International business. Wiley. Hill, A., Hill, T. (2012). Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., Lalwani, C. (2016). Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons.

Scene Analysis - The Big Lebowski free essay sample

The Big Lebowski (1998) by the Coen Brothers is no doubt a comedy film about friendships between three bowling buddies with differing personalities who met and stuck together as friends by choice in Los Angeles when the U.S. army invaded the Middle East. The Coen Brothers managed to capture the spirit of friendship bonding, conflicts, characters’ internal struggles as well as personal desires with exceptional cinematography and mise-en-scene through a plot that went from western to Film Noir. There is a cleverly placed contrast between violence, kidnapping, femme fatales and other dark elements that do not really go with the sunny, carefree impression of L.A. where the story is set in. Such metaphorically structured contrasts along with well-constructed dialogues between three characters from varying backgrounds bring out the contradictory nature of how the Dude (Jeff Bridges), a bearded, unemployed long-haired hippie who did not care much about this world that lived in a dressing gown met his two best friends Walter Sobchak (John Goodman), a Vietnam vet who could not move on from the war period and Donny Kerabatsos (Steve Buscemi), a bland character that got ignored most of the time, who all lived with the shadow of intergeneration give-and-take hovering yet still managed to stay committed to their  friendships even when they have their own burdens to deal with in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Scene Analysis The Big Lebowski or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ending scene of The Big Lebowski where the Dude and Walter scattered Donny’s ashes pleasantly reflected what seems to be delicate but actually strong bonds of relationships between the three main characters. The ending scene starts with a long shot of the Dude and Walter’s back view walking from the foreground to the middle ground on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The way how the directors placed the two actors to walk a route in the middle of the screen with Walter leading the way in heavy posture, carrying Donny’s ashes in a milk-powder can implies that every human being alive are in line to face their own fate sooner or later. We can tell the characters made an effort to show respect, with the Dude’s costume smartened up slightly and the yellow-colored shirt freshen up the ending scene. The change of costume also implies that this is a scene representing changes and a new phase in both of the characters’ lives. The clip is then edited to an extreme long shot of Walter and the Dude standing still on the cliff with green grass closer to the camera and the blue Pacific Ocean in the background that the characters are looking at. As an ending scene, the director thoughtfully balanced the mood by including lively features such as light brown swaying hay-like plants in the foreground to soothe the audience, green fields between rocks in the middle ground representing the unchanging physics elements in the universe while contrasting the entirely changed lives that both characters were going through and showed the overwhelming heavy emotions that the characters were feeling via the way they faced the enormous blue-colored background. The fact that Walter and the Dude stood still on the cliff with slightly moving background and foreground implies that they took time to moan and reminisce about their friend, Donny. The director also created a tiny suspense here with the sound of sea gulls echoing offshore in this scene right before Walter start speaking in the next scene. Before scattering Donny’s ashes, the dialogue from Walter’s eulogy where he talked a little about Donny’s bland life but then switched to the subject about his lost companions during the Vietnam War at Hill 365 which he mentioned countless times before in the film shows that Walter was still not  over his post-traumatic syndrome. ‘He died he died as so many young men of his generation before his time. In your wisdom, Lord, you took him. As you took so many bright flowering young men at Khe Sanh, at Langdok, at Hill 364! These young men gave their lives. And so did Donny. Donny, who loved bowling.’ The reason why the director placed this line in the eulogy is to show how Walter considered this an opportunity to a closure of years and years wasted in memories. The Coen Brothers put a vivid, living proof of Walter being stuck in the past on screen via his costume throughout the movie with his trademark safari vest, amber lens aviator sunglasses and the military dog tag that he always kept close in the film. Apart from the genuine friendship between the Dude, Walter and Donny, the eulogy dialogue also implies another layer of meaning from the movie concerning generation loss, changes and the cycle of life. Although the three main characters are bound together by bowling but Donny is the only one we ever do see bowl, in fact, we only seem to notice his existence at the bowling alley but his bowling results never did come to the Dude nor Walter’s notice. From the way how Donny let Walter call him names, swear at him and never really get to enjoy bowling’s fun, to Donny being scared to death with an heart attack caused by Nihilists attack or even after Donny’s death, when there is no family member but only Walter and the Dude to take care of his remains indicates a generation ignored and lost. In the eulogy scene, the director used an unusual composition than those we often see in the movie, with Walter dominating the screen at front in the middle of the screen and the Dude falling into the background with matching hair color to the hill behind on the right side of the screen. This arrangement not only implies it is time to close the curtain of the Dude’s story but is also time for the audience to finally get to know more about Walter’s underlying obsession with him stepping up the stage to answer and satisfy the audience’s curiosity towards his bitterness past. The prop Walter held during this scene, a Folgers roasted-coffee-powder can, also resembles a milk-powder can that acts as a metaphor for birth or new life, indicating the end of this phase of their lives but stepping into another phase. Walter wearing a military-hinted outfit while holding the  milk-powder-can-like prop makes one of the many metaphorical contradictions that are placed in the movie. After the depressing, nerve-irritating eulogy comes the funny part. Walter finally scattered Donny’s ashes but the onshore wind literally forced the Dude to ‘face’ Donny’s disheartening death when he got covered in his ashes all over the body. The sound of waves coming onshore in this scene also implies that everyone has to go through the wash of generation impacts as well as events that one cannot avoid to experience in different stages of life. The reappearance of sea gulls sound at this point represent the mockery of the Dude covered in ashes and also the shower of distorted society ideologies presented in this movie which are forced into our minds just like how sounds are forced into our heads. Towards the end of this scene, Walter’s action of putting down the can on the ground to comfort an offended version of Dude shows how he finally moved on from the past and started to focus on the present. In The Big Lebowski, there are a flood of foul language usage with ‘Fuck it!’ being the motif of the film. With the Dude accusing Walter for considering everything a travesty, asking ‘What the fuck does anything have to do with Vietnam?’ madly and Walter apologizing for the first time throughout the whole movie indicates the slightly changed relationship due to the loss of a dearest common friend. Meanwhile, with the Dude’s intense hitting slowly turns into a heartwarming hug on screen, a bond stronger than ever between him and Walter are presented to the audience. In addition to the actors’ behavior, we can also notice a tiny body figure walking back from a distant cliff on the right upper corner on screen, such appearance of a irrelevant third party successfully delivered the message of ‘Life goes on no matter what’ to the audience, it also lighten up the mood while bringing the audience out of the story and back to the reality. The Big Lebowski is an inspiring art piece that investigated the relationship between friends and society norms. The Coen brothers taught us how to bear our own pain and nightmares, shoulder what our generation offers us and showed us the importance to live it up so we have enough exciting adventures to share when we catch up with The Stranger (Sam Elliott) down the trail; to bring with us when we pass away.

V Einführung in die Ethik †Deutsch Essay

V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik – Deutsch Essay Free Online Research Papers V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik Deutsch Essay Nach Aristoteles besteht das hà ¶chste Gut des menschlichen Handelns in der Glà ¼ckseligkeit. Es gibt ein bestimmtes Gut, nachdem jedes menschliche Handeln strebt und weswegen der Mensch à ¼berhaupt Handlungen vollzieht (NE, I. Buch, 13., S.127, Z.35-40 „Fà ¼r uns ergibt sich aus dem Gesagten klar, dass die Glà ¼ckseligkeit zum Ehrwà ¼rdigen und Vollkommenden gehà ¶rt. Dies scheint auch daher zu kommen, dass sie ein Ursprung ist. Denn um ihretwillen machen wir alles à ¼brige;†¦.â€Å"). Um dieses hà ¶chste Gut zu bestimmen, beginnt Aristoteles erst mal damit, die Bedeutung von Handlung zu klren. Alle Handlung erstrebt ein Gut, d.h. die Handlung erfolgt um Willen eines Gutes, was die Handlung in ihrem Wesen bestimmt (konstitutives Merkmal) (siehe NE, I. Buch, 1., S.105 Z.1-4). Damit erfolgt das Handeln des Menschen nach dem Prinzip des menschlichen Tuns verursacht durch ein Gut, und ist kein natà ¼rliches Geschehnis wie das Naturereignis. Dabei ist Handlung das Mittel zum erstrebten Gut als Zweck (instrumentell gut). Nach Erreichung des erstrebten Gutes aber kann dieses wiederum zum Mittel (menschliche Handlung) fà ¼r ein weiteres zu erstrebendes Gut als Zwec k dienen und dies kann sich immer weiter fortsetzen. Damit erklrt sich der eine Zweck (Gut) à ¼ber den Anderen. Es muss aber ein bestimmtes Gut als Endzweck geben, umdessen Willen sich alle menschlichen Handlungen als Zwecke vollziehen. Dieser hà ¶chste Begriff fà ¼r Gut, die Glà ¼ckseligkeit, erklrt sich à ¼ber sich selbst, als Ursache allen menschlichen Handelns und Endziel zugleich (NE, I. Buch, 1., S.105, Z.18-22 „Wenn es aber ein Ziel des Handelns gibt, das wir um seiner selbst willen wollen und das andere um seinetwillen; wenn wir also nicht alles um eines andern willen erstreben (denn so ginge es ins Unbegrenzte, und das Streben wre leer und sinnlos), dann ist es klar, dass jenes das Gute und das Beste istâ€Å"). Wie kann der Mensch also zum glà ¼ckseligen Leben kommen? Aristoteles sagt, indem er ein vernunftgemßes Leben fà ¼hrt, d.h. der nach den Tugenden handelt, also moralisch gut. Denn die Verwirklichung von Moral ist Element des Glà ¼cks (untrennbar m iteinander verbunden). Da der Mensch mit dem Vermà ¶gen der Vernunft ausgestattet ist (Artbegriff des Menschen, Wesensbestimmung), jedoch auch die Fhigkeit des sinnlichen Begehrens (Trieb, Lust) besitzt, die avernà ¼nftig (wie beim Tier) ist, ist es notwendig, à ¼ber die Ausà ¼bung ethischer Tugend (alle Tugend ist nicht naturgegeben) mit Avernà ¼nftigem vernà ¼nftig umzugehen (NE, II. Buch, 2., S.134, Z.9-10 „So bezieht sich also die ethische Tugend auf Lust und Schmerz. Denn wegen der Lust tun wir das Schlechte, und wegen des Schmerzes versumen wir das Gute.â€Å") Dazu gilt es, dass der Mensch tugendhafte Ttigkeit (z.B. gerechtes Handeln) ausà ¼bt. Von dem Zeitpunkt an beginnt er tugendhafte Eigenschaft (Gerechtsein) zu erwerben und kommt damit in den Besitz der Tugend. Tugend auszuà ¼ben heißt also, die Glà ¼ckseligkeit zu verwirklichen (NE, I. Buch, 10., S.121, Z.14-18 „†¦; jedenfalls aber, auch wenn sie nicht von Gott geschickt wird, sondern durch Tugend und eine Art von Lernen oder ÃÅ"bung zustande kommt, so gehà ¶rt sie doch zu den gà ¶ttlichsten Dingen. Denn der Preis und das Ziel der Tugend scheint das Beste zu sein und ein Gà ¶ttliches und Seliges.â€Å") Dazu benà ¶tigt der Mensch jedoch Menschen, die schon im Besitz der fà ¼r ihn zu erlernenden verstandesmßigen Tugenden und als sein Erzieher ttig sind, d.h. Tugend wird erworben (NE, II. Buch, 1., S.132, Z.21-25 „†¦: die Eigenschaften entstehen aus den entsprechenden Ttigkeiten. Darum muss man die Ttigkeiten in bestimmter Weise formen. Denn von deren Besonderheiten hngen dann die Eigenschaften ab. Es kommt also nicht wenig darauf an, ob man gleich von Jugend auf an dies oder jenes gewà ¶hnt wird; es kommt viel darauf an, ja sogar alles.â€Å", NE, II. Buch, 2., S.134, Z.11-14 „Also mà ¼ssen wir gleich von Jugend an dazu erzogen werden, wie Platon sagt, dass wir Freude und Schmerz empfinden, wo wir sollen. Denn darin besteht die rechte Erziehung.â€Å"). Da menschliche Handlung das Gute erstrebt und damit gewollt ist, ist eine schlechte, verwerfliche Handlung (z.B. Mord) eines Menschen nicht gewollt, sondern ist eine Wahrnehmungstuschung desjenigen, der nicht tugendhaft handelt (NE, III. Buch, 6., S158, Z.16 „Das Wollen dagegen geht auf das Ziel, wie wir sagten;†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å", Z.18-20 „Jene nun die sagen, dass das Gewollte das Gute sei, kommen dazu, anzunehmen, dass dasjenige gar nicht gewollt sei, was einer auf Grund einer unrichtigen Wahl will; denn wenn es gewollt wre, wre es auch gut; es traf sich aber, dass es schlecht war.â€Å"). Der Tugendhafte aber, der seine Handlungen vernunftgemß auf das Gute ausrichtet, erkennt, ob etwas Gut ist oder nicht/eine bloße Vorstellung v om Guten ist (NE, III. Buch, 6., S159, Z.29-37 „ Denn der Edle beurteilt jedes Einzelne richtig, und in jedem Einzelnen erscheint ihm die Wahrheit. Denn fà ¼r jede Verfassung gibt es eigenes Schà ¶nes und Angenehmes, und vielleicht zeichnet sich der Edle gerade dadurch am meisten aus, dass er in jedem Einzelnen die Wahrheit erkennt, da er gewissermaßen Richtschnur und Maß dafà ¼r ist. Die Leute dagegen scheinen sich durch die Lust tuschen zu lassen. Denn sie ist nicht gut und scheint doch so. So whlen sie also die Lust als ein Gutes und meiden den Schmerz als ein Schlechtes.â€Å"). Somit verwirklicht der tugendhafte Mensch Glà ¼ckseligkeit. Fà ¼r Kant hingegen ist alles menschliche Handeln nach dem Unbedingt Guten ausgerichtet. Das Unbedingt Gute kann nur der gute Wille und damit das Handeln durch die Vorstellung von dem Gesetz der praktischen Vernunft (moralisches Gesetz) sein. Die Vernunft leitet dabei die Handlung gesetzmßig aus sich selbst heraus ab. Weil der Mensch praktische Vernunft besitzt, verfà ¼gt er à ¼ber die Kategorie der Pflicht, d.h. er handelt aus Pflicht, bestimmt durch das Unbedingt Gute. Die Handlung aus Pflicht ist nicht zweckgebunden, weil der Grund einzig und allein in dem Gesetz des Wollens/dem Gesetz der Vernunft selbst liegt (Sittengesetz, moralisches Gesetz) und somit unbedingter praktischer Notwendigkeit unterliegt (z.B. „Es ist notwendig ihm zu helfen.â€Å"). Die Vernunft bestimmt das Wesen des Menschen (sittliche Persà ¶nlichkeit), sie ist dem Menschen als hà ¶chstes Vermà ¶gen naturgegeben und er handelt aus Achtung des Gesetzes der Vernunft (sittlich, moralisch). Dazu ste llt Kant als unbedingt allgemeingà ¼ltiges Prinzip der praktischen Vernunft den Kategorischen Imperativ auf: „Du kannst, denn du sollst!â€Å". Da der Mensch aber neben dem Vernunftvermà ¶gen auch ein sinnliches Vermà ¶gen besitzt, trifft auf den Willen, der seinen Ursprung in der Vernunft hat, die Neigung, und beeinflusst den Willen. Aus der Nà ¶tigung des Willens durch Neigung erfolgt dann eine zweckabhngige Form von Handlung (z.B. „Es ist notwendig ihm zu helfen, weil ich ihn liebe.â€Å"). Die Gà ¼te solcher Handlung ist bedingt praktisch notwendig, da sie abhngig von Neigung ist (Hypothetischer Imperativ). Diese Form von Handlung kann somit keinen moralischen Wert haben, weil sie nicht der Vernunft entspringt. Eine Handlung besitzt einen moralischen Wert, wenn diese aus der Pflicht heraus und nicht pflichtmßig (aus Pflicht und Neigung) vollzogen wird (GMS BA 12, 13 „†¦: eine Handlung aus Pflicht hat ihren moralischen Wert nicht in der Absicht, welche dadurch erreicht werden soll, sondern in der Maxime nach der sie beschlossen wird, hngt also nicht von der Wirklichkeit des Gegenstandes der Handlung ab, sondern bloß von dem Prinzip des Wollens, nach welchem die Handlung, unangesehen aller Gegenstnde des Begehrungsvermà ¶gens, geschehen ist.â€Å"). Da es nach Kant die Pflicht des Menschen ist, aus Achtung des Gesetzes der Vernunft heraus zu handeln, mà ¼sste er, wenn er ein unwahres Versprechen macht, bereit dazu sein, dass das alle anderen Menschen auch tun (GMS BA 18,19 „†¦: wà ¼rde ich wohl damit zufrieden sein, dass meine Maxime (mich durch ein unwahres Versprechen aus Verlegenheit zu ziehen) als ein allgemeines Gesetz (sowohl fà ¼r mich als auch andere) gelten solle, †¦?â€Å"). Dazu wiederum kann er nicht bereit sein, und das hat nichts mit dem Là ¼gen an sich zu tun und auch nicht mit der mà ¶glichen Auswirkung, dass dem Là ¼genden oder dem Belogenen daraus ein Nachteil entstehen kann. Sondern der Mensch kann nicht wollen, dass aus seinem unwahren Versprechen ein allgemeines Gesetz entsteht, weil, wà ¼rde es Jeder tun oder tun dà ¼rfen, wà ¼rde es kein Versprechen mehr geben. Somit schließt sich der Kreis, nmlich der, dass das Handeln aus dem Gesetz der praktischen Vernunft, und damit das H andeln aus Pflicht durch das Unbedingt Gute, im Wert à ¼ber dem der aus Neigung steht, nmlich als hà ¶chstes Vermà ¶gen (siehe GMS BA 20). Gibt ein Mensch also ein Versprechen, das er nicht beabsichtigt zu halten, ist dies aus Kants Sicht unmoralisch, weil der Mensch aus sich heraus nicht wollen kann, dass diese Handlung zum allgemeinen Gesetz wird. Nach Kant ist es also ein notwendiges Gesetz fà ¼r den Menschen, nach dem allgemeinen Prinzip der praktischen Vernunft (Kategorischen Imperativ) zu handeln, ansonsten handelt er unmoralisch. Dies ist die Antwort auf seine eigens gestellte Frage (siehe GMS BA 62). Denn der Mensch kann aus sich selbst heraus, als vernà ¼nftige Natur und absoluter Zweck nicht den Wunsch haben, das seine Handlung aus relativen Zwecken, den Neigungen heraus (Hypothetischer Imperativ) erfolgt, wie es bei einer unmoralischen Handlung der Fall ist. Denn der Wille des Menschen (der Mensch selbst) entfaltet sich aus dem Kategorischen Imperativ heraus. Es gilt deswegen nach Kant, dass der Mensch jederzeit nach den „Gesetzen des Willensâ€Å", dem Unbedingt Guten (Kategorischer Imperativ) handeln soll und niemals nur nach den „Gesetzen der Neigungâ€Å" (Hypotethischer Imperativ), was sinngemß sein daraufhin aufgestellter Praktischer Imperativ (siehe GMS BA 67) aussagt. Kants Begrà ¼ndung erschließt sich mir einleuchtend, dass ich mich, kraftdessen, das ich ein menschliches Vernunftwesen bin, aus dem Kategorischen Imperativ entfalte. Denn wre ich ohne Vernunft in mir, so htte ich keinen Willen und wà ¼rde Handlungen ausschließlich nur aus meinen Neigungen, wie z.B. aus Lust heraus vollziehen. Ich wà ¼rde demnach keine Verantwortung fà ¼r mich selbst und fà ¼r Andere à ¼bernehmen kà ¶nnen und damit unmoralisch handeln. Dass der Kategorische Imperativ zutrifft, zeigt mir mein Gewissen, als Teil dessen. Habe ich unmoralisch gehandelt und versuche mir meine bedingt notwendige Handlung zu erklren, setzt mein Gewissen ein, indem es mir vor Augen hlt: „Du httest anders handeln kà ¶nnen, weil du gesollt hastâ€Å". Das moralische Gesetz ist also apodiktisch in mir selbst vorhanden. Quellenangaben: 1.) Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH Co KG (Ed.) (6. Auflage Juli 2004): Aristoteles. Die Nikomachische Ethik, Mà ¼nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 2.) Weischedel, Wilhelm (Ed.) (1. Auflage 1974): Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. Research Papers on V Einfà ¼hrung in die Ethik - Deutsch EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

What Does Santa Clauss Resume Look Like [Infographic]

What Does Santa Clauss Resume Look Like [Infographic] Ho Ho Ho!It’s that time of year again! Santa has his professional resume perfected and is looking forward to flying out to his next assignment. Santa is definitely admired by children everywhere, and he is very experienced in his job so he’ll probably skip his interview step.His resume demonstrates that he has a very clear career path and is filled with accomplishments. However, he still needs to take some classes on Excel to help with his list updating. Check out his resume below and see why he is the man for the job! [Source: Kickresume]